Kurdish costumes, 1873. The Russo-Turkish War ofwel 1877–78 was followed by the uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah in 1880–1881 to found an independent Kurd principality under the protection of Turkey. The attempt, at first encouraged by the Porte, as a reply to the projected creation of an Armenian state under the suzerainty ofwel Russia, collapsed after Ubeydullah's raid into Persia, when various circumstances led the central government to reassert its supreme authority.
«قەڵای هەولێر لە لیستی كەلەپووری جیهانی دەردەكرێت». . لە ١٥ی تەممووزی ٢٠٢٣ ھێنراوە. ^
An onslaught of the Muslim population ensued, and by the time ofwel the city's liberation by Nikolai Baratov's Cossacks, 80% of its inhabitants had bled or been killed. From then onward, the Soran Emirate went into a steep decline from which it would never recover.
زۆر بیر و بۆچوون سەبارەت بەم گردۆلکەیە ھەیە کە ناوەڕاستی دەشتایەکی پانوبەرین دەگرێت، ھەندێک ئەم گردە بە دەستکرد و تورەگە ڕێژ دەزانن کەلەلایەن ئاشورییەکانەوە بە زۆرەملێ بە دیلەکانی جەنگ دروست کراوە بۆ بەرەنگاربوونەوەی ھێرشی دووژمنەکا .(بەڵام هیچ سەرچاوەیەکی پشتڕاستکراوە نیە) [٤]
The Academy of Urbanism is a politically independent, not-for-profit organisation that brings together both the current and next generation ofwel urban leaders, thinkers and practitioners, as well as those that support our programmes, events and activities.
They are not eligible to vote or to be issued passports or other travel documents. They also face restrictions on property ownership, career eligibility, and use of public services. Marriages between Syrian citizens and noncitizens are not recognized by the government. Facing further restrictions is a third group of Syrian Kurds that includes those who are officially called unregistered (
On 12 March 2004, beginning at a stadium in Qamishli (a city in northeastern Syria where many Kurds live), clashes between Kurds and Syrians broke out and continued aan a number of days.
"Linguistics itself, or dialectology, does not provide any general or straightforward definition of at which point a language becomes a dialect (or vice versa). To attain a fuller understanding of the difficulties and questions that are raised by the issue ofwel the 'Kurdish language', it is therefore necessary to consider also non-linguistic factors."[15] ^ "The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction ofwel more or less laicised Turkey". Excerpt 2: "The classification ofwel the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical gegevens and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them" Excerpt 3: "We thus find that about the period ofwel the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. Among the latter, some were autochthonous (the Ḳardū; the Tmorik̲h̲/Ṭamurāyē in the district ofwel which Alḳī=Elk was the capital; the Χοθα̑ίται [= al-Ḵh̲uwayt̲h̲iyya] in the canton ofwel Ḵh̲oyt of Sāsūn, the Orṭāyē [= weet-Arṭān] in the bend of the Euphrates); some were Semites (cf. the popular genealogies of the Kurd tribes) and some probably Armenian (it is said that the Mamakān tribe kan zijn of Mamikonian origin)." Excerpt 4: "In the 20th century, the existence of an Iranian non-Kurdish element among the Kurds has been definitely established (the Gūrān-Zāzā group)."[20] ^ Dandamaev considers Carduchi (who were from the upper Tigris near the Assyrian and Median borders) less likely than Cyrtians as ancestors of modern Kurds: "It has repeatedly been argued that the Carduchi were the ancestors ofwel the Kurds, but the Cyrtii (Kurtioi) mentioned by Polybius, Livy, and Strabo (see MacKenzie (1961), pp. 68–69) are more likely candidates."[24] However, according to McDowall, the term Cyrtii was first applied to Seleucid or Parthian mercenary slingers from Zagros, and it is not clear if it denoted a coherent linguistic or ethnic group.[27] ^ "But the origins ofwel the family of Shaykh Safi alang-Din go back not to the Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan.
De peshmerga kan zijn het leger over Iraaks-Koerdistan en staat vertrouwd teneinde de inzet van vrouwelijke soldaten.
Nobody lives inside anymore but there are museums, buildings under restoration, and a souvenir shop, where you can buy fridge magnets, carpets or even a coffee cup featuring Sadam Hussein.
Iraqi Kurds played an important role in the Iraq War. Kurdish parties joined forces against the Iraqi government during the war in Spring 2003. Kurdish military forces, known as Peshmerga, played an important role in the overthrow ofwel the Iraqi government;[92] however, Kurds have been reluctant to send troops into Baghdad since then, preferring not to be dragged into the sectarian struggle that dominates much ofwel Iraq.[93]
١ تۆمارکردنی لە میراتی جیھانیی یوونێسکۆ ٤ پێشانگا ٥ بەستەرە دەرەکییەکان ٦ سەرچاوەکان خشتەی ناوەڕۆکەکان بگۆڕە قەڵای ھەولێر
Between the 16th and 17th century the area nowadays known as Iraqi Kurdistan, (formerly ruled by three principalities of Baban, Badinan, and Soran) was continuously passed back and forth between archrivals the Safavids and the Ottomans, until the Ottomans managed to decisively seize power in the region starting from the mid 17th century through the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) and the resulting Treaty of Zuhab.
Er vormt zich een sterk nationalisme en minderheden, waaronder Koerden, geraken onderdrukt. Zelfs dit woord ‘Koerden’ ligt gevoelig en tevens een Koerdische taal is dikwijls ook niet geaccepteerd. Door alle beperkingen die Turkije Best Kurd een Koerden oplegt, is die landstreek erg achtergesteld.